Topsoil

 

Salmon

Salmon name for several varieties of fish live in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and large lakes. There are different types of salmon, salmon belong to the same family as trout. Most types of salmon live in salt water, or migrate between rivers and seas. The salmon of the most important kinds of fish that contain their bodies on the omega-3 oils, which is considered a cure for many diseases, and is extracted from salmon hormone calcitonin.

Salmon is a family of fish radial fins, which are the only species in which are placed in the rank of salmonids. Includes salmon and trout and Alsalvlinos and white freshwater fish and Jeraalenja. The Pacific salmon and trout sex Slmo is who gave the platoon and ranking their names.

Featuring salmonids look relatively primitive teleost fish with its pelvic fins are on the last afternoon and fatty fin found in the back of the back. It's a slim fish with scales circular complex and tails. Mouths contain a single row of sharp teeth. Although the smaller species with a length of 13 cm s (5.1 inches) just as great fish, mostly be much longer and may reach the length of the largest and one 2 m s (6.6 ft).

Salmonids lay their eggs in fresh water but spend most of her life in the sea in many cases, and then return to the rivers to breed only. And called the life cycle of this migration. The predators that feed on marine crustaceans, insects and smaller fish.



Development

Current salmonids originated from three strains: a white fish (Kourgonina) and Jeraaling (Themalena) Alsalvenos and trout and salmon (Smonina). And share the three strains in one set of attributes derived which shows a unit advances.

Has appeared Alslamunyat for the first time in the fossil record in the middle of the Eocene era with fossilized wood floating Aaoslamo and which were described for the first time fossils found at Timber Creek floating center of the province of British Columbia. Share this sex in the attributes found in Asalmonina and whitefish and strains Jeraalnj. And therefore the timber floating Aaoslamo is the old salmon, which represents an important stage in the evolution of the salmon.

There is a gap appear in the fossil record Smonin after timber floating Aaoslamo until the late Miocene nearly seven million years ago (Mya) when fossils appeared something like trout in the state of Idaho, in freely Clarkiya bottoms. The look of many of these species Onkornques - Gender current Pacific salmon and some trout. The existence of these types away inside beach has demonstrated that Onkornques did not exist only in banks Pacific before the start of Pliocene epoch (from 5 to 6 Mia almost), also proved that the rainbow trout and incest and strains Pacific salmon were different before the start of the times Pliocene. Consequently separation must be between Onkornques and Salmo (Atlantic salmon) has occurred long before the Pliocene epoch. The proposals went away to the beginning of the Miocene (about 20 Mya).

Category
Along subfamily Aazoxaformz (fish with spears and fish-related) and Ozimiraformz (such as smelt) and Orzintinaformz, the Asalmonaformz include Rank upper Brocakanthoptirgi.
Divided Asalmonida (and Asalmonaformz) into three factions under about ten races:
Sort Asalmonaformz

    Family: Salmonida
        Subfamily: Kourgonina
            Kourgonas - white fish (70 species)
            Brusobayoum - round whitefish (six species)
            Stinodas - Ankono (one species)
        Subfamily: Themalena
            Themalos - fish Graalnj (12 species)
        Subfamily: Smonina
            Pracimisetx - Linux fish (three species)
            Huzhou (five factions)
            Onkurenkos - Pacific salmon and trout (14 species)
            Salmo - Atlantic salmon and trout (29 species)
            Salvenos - char and trout (such as trout existing schedules and existing trout lakes) (49 species)
            Salvtemus (one species)  .

 

 

 What volcanoes ?

 
The volcanoes of the unique natural phenomena that drew the attention of the man since ancient times and they play a great role in the geological processes that affect the evolution of the earth's crust and posed. This is because most of the affected parts of the earth's crust impulsivity and underwent operations in composition to the contribution of operations impulsivity.According to a study volcanoes to identify the centers of earthquakes and study volcanoes branch of geology, which became freestanding known as volcanoes. The volcanoes associated metals and ores are very important economically.

 
Definition the volcano:

The volcano is that place, who graduated or emits materials warm Alziria with fumes and gases accompanying the depth of the earth's crust and occurs through nozzles or cracks. And accumulate magma or glides by type to form a different land forms, including conical hills or high volcanic mountains.

Penalty volcanoes:

If you look at the form you'll find that it consists of:

1 - conical Mount:

Composed of rocky debris or hardened lava. It volcanic material thrown from the crater and was wholly or partly in the molten state.

2 - nozzle: It is almost round in shape cavity at the top of the cone, the wider ranges from a few thousand meters. And derive from the gas nozzle at intervals and stone blocks and mortar and lava and molten materials (LAVA) volcano may have more than one nozzle secondary to the main crater at the top as you can see in the figure:

3 - chimney or rod: a channel that extends from the bottom of the crater to the bottom where relate oven magma in underground. And hurtling through volcanic material to the nozzle. Known sometimes neck volcano.

And next to the main chimney, the volcano may be several chimneys related secondary Balfohat.

Types of volcanic material:

Comes out of volcanoes while eruption rocky debris solid and liquid materials.

1 - rock debris:

Emerges as a result of volcanic eruptions rocky debris into various types and sizes usually in the first period of volcanic eruptions. And rock debris derived from the rigid crust extracted from the walls of the neck as a result of payment of lava and gaseous materials emanating from the magma force and violence and composed rock debris of materials vary in size rock masses, shells and pebbles, sand and volcanic dust.

2 - GAS:

He graduated from volcanoes during its gas water vapor, which pops up in great quantities configured to huge clouds mixed with dust and other gases. And condense these vapors causing heavy rain falling in the vicinity of the volcano. And accompanied by explosions and rainfall of electric lights arise from friction volcanic ash particles to each other and as a result of air turbulence, and except for water vapor severe heat, multiple volcano spews gas mainly hydrogen and chlorine, sulfur, nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen.

3 - lava:

Are liquid throw it blocks volcanoes, and has a temperature of between 1000 m and 1200 m. Lava flows from the crater, as bursting through the cracks and fractures in the volcanic cone aspects, those fractures created by the explosions and blocks magma pressure, and stop nature of lava and appearance on the chemical composition of magma blocks which emits They are of two types:

A - LAVA light-colored light:

This is characterized by bone viscosity, and thus slow the flow and like lava that emanated from the volcano Bailey (Islands Almrtnik in the Caribbean) in 1902 was a dense, sticky to the point that it overwhelmed the move, and took accumulate and rise consisting of Tower above the crater reached a height of about 300 m , and soon after that break and crash as a result of the explosions caused by the exit gases.

B - LAVA heavy dark:

It LAVA basaltic, and the advantage of being liquid and moving to a large degree, and flows in the form of streams on the slopes of the volcano, and when it emerges lava through fractures great extension they are spread out over large areas composed of plateaus spacious, like the Ethiopian highlands and the Deccan Plateau, India and the Golan Colombia North America.

Forms volcanoes:

1 - rock debris volcanoes:

The shape of volcanic cone in different materials from which they are composed. If the cone is made up entirely of rock debris, we found high steep for the area occupied by the base. Here we find the gradient of 30 degrees was sometimes up to 40 degrees Celsius and These forms usually arise as a result of volcanic eruptions. The Islands of Indonesia.

2 - Plateau volcanoes:

And arise as a result of exit and accumulation of lava on the main nozzle and low-rise look for large area occupied by the rules. And looks peaks like Bhiab convex  hence renamed volcanoes plateau has originated cones of flow Mushorat lava severe heat and great liquidity, which spread over large areas and are these volcanoes Plateau best representation in the volcanoes of the Hawaiian islands Like a volcano Monalo with a height of 4100 m and it seems like a spacious dome descend steeper easy Hina.



3 - Layering volcanoes:

Layering is a common type volcanoes exist, which is in the shape ex-center types and consist Mkhrotadtha of rock debris material and lava flows directed by the volcano while restless eruption.

And be Alloafez that comes out of the volcano during eruptions successive layers on top of one another, and section consisting of coarse material and another section of the materials minutes, and between this and that interfere in the form of lava thin strips. From this arises a kind of stratigraphy in the installation of the cone and this figure represents the Mayon volcano more Philippines active volcanoes in the present time.



Geographical distribution of volcanoes:

Spread over long ranges volcanoes on Earth shown:

1 - range that surrounds coasts Pacific, which is sometimes known as Ring of Fire, it runs on the eastern shores of the ocean above the heights of the Andes to Central America and Mexico, and above the heights west of North America to the Aleutian Islands and then to the coast of East Asia to the islands of Japan, the Philippines and then to Islands of Indonesia and New Zealand.

2 - There are a lot of volcanoes in the Pacific Ocean itself and some huge great grew up in the hall and appeared towering above the water level. And volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands, which is based bases in the ocean at a depth of about 5,000 m, and rises above the surface of the water more than 4,000 m, bringing the total height from the bottom of the ocean to the peaks of about 9,000 m

3 - Southern Europe on the Mediterranean seafront and its adjacent islands. The most famous active volcanoes here Vesuvius near Naples, Italy, and Aetna islands of Sicily and Astro Mpule (beacon Mediterranean) in the Lipari Islands.

4 - Heights West Asia and months volcanoes Ararat and Alauzenz.

5 - range east of Africa and months Kilimanjaro Brkinh.



Effects of volcanoes:

1 - in the formation of the Earth's surface:

We can thus advances to discern the effects of volcanoes in the formation of the Earth's surface they arise majestic mountains and plateaus spacious. When subsided arise in their pores Lakes cavities in the rain bodies.

2 - in human activity:

Strange that man was playing the housing next to volcanoes in order to be safe from the dangers, as we find live near them, and even on the slopes. Fberkan Vesuvius is surrounded by villages and towns and covered with gardens and fruit groves and vineyards and all spread over aspects even near the top. Agriculture is also on the slopes of a volcano (twelve) on the island of Sicily to a height of 1200 m in the fertile soil is composed of black basalt flow over the area during historical times.

These volcanoes unforgiving as arise from time to time destroying one village or another can rest along the main road on the lower slopes of the volcano twelve and at the end of flowing lava flows which eternal evidence has permanent danger posed to the region.

The famous island of Java Berakinh rebellious and active volcanoes than actually all volcanoes world in the amount of spills and Alloafez that emerged of them since 1500 AD, however, we find the island filled populated, they are denser parts of the world agricultural population for an area inhabited by about 75 million people and is due as we have said to fertility volcanic soil, has been established by the Department of volcanoes and function predict volcanic eruptions and warn people before volcanic eruptions which reduces the risk of occurrence.  

What is the earthquake  ?

 

  Soil contamination and mismanagement

The most important environmental problems that affect the soil:

1. Desertification
2. High salinity
3. Cliffs soil
4. Build factories and houses
5. Blaze a trail

First: soil contamination
Defined: to change the properties of the soil physical, chemical and biological by adding materials to or removing materials.

 Most soil contaminants:
 Soil is exposed to multiple pollutants come from human activities, notably:
Fertilizers (fertilizer): where lead misuse to change the chemical properties of the soil, which losing Atzanha.
Pesticides: such as fungicides, insects, weeds and rodents as well as smokers and all of which are used in spray plants or placed above the soil surface, or inside, as it enters the components of the soil and move to other places mediated by water or air and mostly associated with soil particles. The observed increase in its concentration in the upper class, as part of it enters the food chain.

  Salinization:
  Causes: the use of water containing a high percentage of salts to irrigate crops.
          The use of chemical fertilizers.
 Impact: Do not allow only a small number of plants in the living lead to reduced vegetation. Increased soil erosion.

Second: poor soil management
 Is a set of factors such as:
Drift.
Urbanization.
Construction of roads at the expense of agricultural soils.
Use one crop to the soil.

Forest Protection

Why maintain the trees???
When we watch channels nature or when we travel in the aircraft to see the forest, which extends over vast areas, to the point that comes to mind that there is a stockpile of enough human need trees to infinity ... This thinking is true in the absence of human ...
Did you know that the print number one newspaper known tree may require 75000 to print number for one day ... So you can imagine the number of trees used over the week and the rest of other newspapers also ...

All what we use comes from the leaves of trees ... There was a belief among people that all the trees that are used in the securities industry are trees planted up to the industry and re-planting instead immediately cut ... But the truth is that ...

Canada, which provides most of the papers print newspapers around the world cut 100,000 hectares of forest than re-planting ... In a country like the United States of America is lost 4,000 square meters of forest every second ... If that is the case, her mouth in those countries is the case in the Arab countries???

But we must not lose sight of the fact that even though the re-afforestation Mileage it is impossible to restore native forests that were ... Because by felling forests, we are destroying the system of life that existed, bird nests and animal shelters and short plant environment ... All this does not can Nstaidh with planting new trees where felled trees ... The phenomenon of global warming, which increases year after year, which is cutting the world's most important forests in increased, will not allow the trees to small growth and transformation into a giant forest ...

We can not blame our need for papers to allow ourselves to contribute to cutting down all those trees ... Nor can we blame the industries alone in consumption ... Because the main reason for the deterioration of the situation is wasteful use of paper at home and work, which makes us as individuals accountable to each tree cut ... Because more than 50% of the materials we consume and Throw be made of the leaves ... Think a little bit and remember, from the printing paper books, notebooks, envelopes, papers gifts, bills payments, messages ......

Did you know that we need 17 huge tree to make one ton of paper, and everyone reads the newspapers used at least a tree in every 10 weeks ...

And also the greatest danger from the paper manufacturing process (is it the main cause of loss of green cover on Mother Earth) is in the chemicals used in the manufacturing process leaves or refining ... Where half of toxic substances in the water comes from the industry, it is a process requiring several materials until we get the white papers that we use ...

After all, we'll start thinking about what is the ability of one man in front of what is happening around the world ... But the fact that if he took every person on this earth issue seriously and began following a few simple changes that have a significant impact on the entire earth, we will provide a lot of pollution and also a large number of trees that will place the mother of many birds and other animals ...

There are some simple actions we can take in our daily lives:

First - and foremost you have to grow four trees in each month to compensate for what it consumes from the leaves:
You can do this by yourself or collective flying in any country where, and places to go scorched forests or barren places free of trees and assist in the planting of additional trees in the spring or autumn seasons ... These trips are usually a great beauty, and we have a special experience, where he lives a man's home market since the start of the estate planning trips afforestation per people interested We earth and we planted trees in several places ... It is the views of the people who participated with us in this campaign can learn splendor that helps the Rights of Mother Earth in the restoration of her lungs ... The images may be more eloquent than any words ...

This workshop was the last hope (but not last) carried out by a man's home and estate market in the month of March in a wooded area burned. Photos

Second - if you want to leave papers to record observations near the phone or to write what you need from the market before going and you do not use the new leaves:
Most of us has a lot of ads papers or papers written on it from one side and no longer need it, you can simply telling these papers, the way that you want and use it to write notes that you need ... This way and saved yourself the price of the new securities, and to Mother Earth a lot of trees ...

Third - Put near the box printing machine have:
Do not need to aim each sheet printing event where some of the errors or no longer needed ... But placed in the appropriate box for papers that you can re-use and printing on the second side ... Or until you can cut those sheets as you want and use Notes chips, or a combination thereof with each to be used as a small book ... Important securities have been used fully ...
If you're a fan of reading and want to print some articles on the papers, do not forget that you are printing on both sides of the page ... This way will save yourself twice the number of papers that you use and also will not be obliged to carry large amounts of paperwork with you ...

IV - Use of electronic alternative solution for securities, if possible:
The Internet has become in every home these days, so if you want to send a message or greeting card to someone, it is better to send him in the form of an E-Card via the Internet, they are the fastest and the most beautiful and most importantly provide a lot of trees on Mother Earth ...
If you have to use paper Reviews cards, try to use some of the cards you have received if possible ...

V. - re-use of the Fund and leaves gifts:
When you receive any gift you do not need to get rid of the Fund or the surrounding leaves, you can simply save it to a time when you need to such things and re-used ... In this way Strih land of many chemicals used for refining securities ... Be your gift of two at the same time: one to the one you love and the second to mother earth that love you ...

VI - do not use incest in the kitchen:
Traditionally that we have a roll of incest in every kitchen to remove water stains or for drying our hands ... But the best is to use a piece of cloth that you can manufacture by hand of some clothing worn ... In this way will provide a lot of expense to yourself and will provide a lot of known universe ...

VII - If you have children use cloth diapers:
The use of plastic or paper diapers designed for use once cause a lot of damage for the child and mother earth ... And because there are a lot of toxic substances that are placed in the nappy to prevent exit smells him or to absorb fluids more, but because these materials are in contact with the skin child directly it caused him a lot of skin diseases, and at the same time, one child produced from diapers nearly 1350 kg from birth until the age of two and a half, and all those kilos will form a very large burden on the planet ... As well as being cut nearly a billion trees every year for the manufacture of diapers intended for use once ...
When using diapers canvas cotton Vstdmn first no chemicals touching the body of your child, and also will provide on the ground all those trees and lots of industrial materials that will go to refining diapers used as well as an unforgettable expense which will be provided by not buying diapers anymore ...

Farmland in Palestine .